Does Peacekeeping Work?

Does Peacekeeping Work?

Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War

Virginia Page Fortna

In the last fifteen years, the number, size, and scope of peacekeeping missions deployed in the aftermath of civil wars have increased exponentially. From Croatia and Cambodia, to Nicaragua and Namibia, international personnel have been sent to maintain peace around the world. But does peacekeeping work? And if so, how? In Does Peacekeeping Work? Virginia Page Fortna answers these questions through the systematic analysis of civil wars that have taken place since the end of the Cold War. She compares peacekeeping and nonpeacekeeping cases, and she investigates where peacekeepers go, showing that their missions are crucial to the most severe internal conflicts in countries and regions where peace is otherwise likely to falter. Fortna demonstrates that peacekeeping is an extremely effective policy tool, dramatically reducing the risk that war will resume. Moreover, she explains that relatively small and militarily weak consent-based peacekeeping operations are often just as effective as larger, more robust enforcement missions. Fortna examines the causal mechanisms of peacekeeping, paying particular attention to the perspective of the peacekept--the belligerents themselves--on whose decisions the stability of peace depends. Based on interviews with government and rebel leaders in Sierra Leone, Mozambique, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh, Does Peacekeeping Work? demonstrates specific ways in which peacekeepers alter incentives, alleviate fear and mistrust, prevent accidental escalation to war, and shape political procedures to stabilize peace.

Peace Time

Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace

Virginia Page Fortna

Why do cease-fire agreements sometimes last for years while others flounder barely long enough to be announced? How to maintain peace in the aftermath of war is arguably one of the most important questions of the post--Cold War era. And yet it is one of the least explored issues in the study of war and peace. Here, Page Fortna offers the first comprehensive analysis of why cease-fires between states succeed or fail. She develops cooperation theory to argue that mechanisms within these agreements can help maintain peace by altering the incentives for war and peace, reducing uncertainty, and helping to prevent or manage accidents that could lead to war. To test this theory, the book first explores factors, such as decisive victory and prior history of conflict, that affect the baseline prospects for peace. It then considers whether stronger cease-fires are likely to be implemented in the hardest or the easiest cases. Next, through both quantitative and qualitative testing of the effects of cease-fire agreements, firm evidence emerges that agreements do matter. Durable peace is harder to achieve after some wars than others, but when most difficult, states usually invest more in peace building. These efforts work. Strong agreements markedly lessen the risk of further war. Mechanisms such as demilitarized zones, dispute resolution commissions, peacekeeping, and external guarantees can help maintain peace between even the deadliest of foes.

Regional Organizations and Peacekeeping

Experiences in Latin America and Africa

Virginia Page Fortna

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How Can Permanent Cessation of Civil Wars be Achieved?

Lessons from International Conflict and a Look at Some African Cases

Virginia Page Fortna

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A Peace that Lasts

Agreements and the Durability of Peace : a Thesis

Virginia Page Fortna

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More Damning Than Slaughter

Desertion in the Confederate Army

Mark A. Weitz

"Coupled with problems such as speculation, food and clothing shortages, conscription, taxation, and a pervasive focus on the protection of local interests, desertion started as a military problem and spilled over into the civilian world. Fostered by a military culture that treated absenteeism leniently early in the war, desertion steadily increased and by 1863 reached epidemic proportions. A Union policy that permitted Confederate deserters to swear allegiance to the Union and then return home encouraged desertion. Equally important in persuading men to desert was the direct appeal from loved ones on the home front - letters from wives begging soldiers to come home for harvests, births, and other events.".

Dictionary of Wars

George C. Kohn

Dictionary of Wars, Third Edition contains detailed summaries of all notable wars from throughout history, spanning more than 4,000 years. Completely updated and expanded, this volume is an authoritative source on the global conflicts, civil wars, mutinies, punitive expeditions, undeclared wars, rebellions, and revolutions that have occurred throughout the world. This edition contains new and updated entries, new illustrations, and new front and back matter. Facts are presented in a lively and engaging manner, and the scope of the book is truly impressive. Approximately 1,850 entries are extensively cross-referenced to help readers find the information they want. This book deals exclusively and concisely with military information, often specifying political, social, economic, and cultural influences on military operations. New coverage includes: Battle of Granicus; Chechen Civil War of 1999-2002; Cote d'Ivoire Civil War of 2002; Fijian Rebellion of 2000; Guinea-Bissauan Civil War of 1998-99; Haitian Uprising of 2000; Indonesian War in Aceh; Macedonian Civil War of 2001; Nepalese Insurgency of 1996; Nigerian Uprisings of 1999; Palestinian Uprising of 2000; Solomon Islands Insurrection of 1999-2003; U.S. invasion of Afghanistan; U.S. invasion of Iraq; and Uzbekistan Uprising of 2005.

The First Casualty

The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Iraq

Phillip Knightley

"The first casualty when war comes, is truth," said American Senator Hiram Johnson in 1917. In his gripping, now-classic history of war journalism, Phillip Knightley shows just how right Johnson was. From William Howard Russell, who described the appalling conditions of the Crimean War in the Times of London, to the ranks of reporters, photographers, and cameramen who captured the realities of war in Vietnam, The First Casualty tells a fascinating story of heroism and collusion, censorship and suppression. Since Vietnam, Knightley reveals, governments have become much more adept at managing the media, as highlighted in chapters on the Falklands War, the Gulf War, and the conflict between NATO and Serbia over Kosovo. And in a new chapter on the post-9/11 wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, Knightley details even greater degrees of government manipulation and media complicity, as evidenced by the "embedding" of reporters in military units and the uncritical, openly patriotic coverage of these conflicts. "The age of the war correspondent as hero," he concludes, "appears to be over." Fully updated, The First Casualty remains required reading for anyone concerned about freedom of the press, journalistic responsibility, and the nature of modern warfare.

Bitter Fruits of Bondage

The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy, 1861-1865

Armstead L. Robinson

In this controversial history the author tells the story of how the Civil Warand slavery were intertwined, and how internal social conflict undermined theConfederacy in the end.

Stalin's Wars

From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953

Geoffrey Roberts

This breakthrough book provides a detailed reconstruction of Stalin’s leadership from the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 to his death in 1953. Making use of a wealth of new material from Russian archives, Geoffrey Roberts challenges a long list of standard perceptions of Stalin: his qualities as a leader; his relationships with his own generals and with other great world leaders; his foreign policy; and his role in instigating the Cold War. While frankly exploring the full extent of Stalin’s brutalities and their impact on the Soviet people, Roberts also uncovers evidence leading to the stunning conclusion that Stalin was both the greatest military leader of the twentieth century and a remarkable politician who sought to avoid the Cold War and establish a long-term detente with the capitalist world. By means of an integrated military, political, and diplomatic narrative, the author draws a sustained and compelling personal portrait of the Soviet leader. The resulting picture is fascinating and contradictory, and it will inevitably change the way we understand Stalin and his place in history. Roberts depicts a despot who helped save the world for democracy, a personal charmer who disciplined mercilessly, a utopian ideologue who could be a practical realist, and a warlord who undertook the role of architect of post-war peace.

The Hitler Book

The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Otto Guensche and Heinze Linge, Hitler's Closest Personal Aides

Fyodor Parparov, Igor Saleyev, Otto Günsche, Heinz Linge

"This eyewitness account was compiled for one man's eyes only: those of Josef Stalin. One of the first biographies of Adolf Hitler, it derives from the testimony of his two closest assistants, interrogated at the Soviet leader's command, in order to understand the psychology of his greatest enemy - and to be certain that he was dead."--BOOK JACKET.

Does Peacekeeping Work?

Shaping Belligerents' Choices After Civil War

Virginia Page Fortna

"Fortna demonstrates that peacekeeping is an extremely effective policy tool, dramatically reducing the risk that war will resume. Moreover, she explains that relatively small and militarily weak consent-based peacekeeping operations are often just as effective as larger, more robust enforcement missions. Fortna examines the causal mechanisms of peacekeeping, paying particular attention to the perspective of the peacekept--the belligerents themselves--on whose decisions the stability of peace depends."--publisher website.

Does Peacekeeping Work?

Shaping Belligerents' Choices after Civil War

Virginia Page Fortna

In the last fifteen years, the number, size, and scope of peacekeeping missions deployed in the aftermath of civil wars have increased exponentially. From Croatia and Cambodia, to Nicaragua and Namibia, international personnel have been sent to maintain peace around the world. But does peacekeeping work? And if so, how? In Does Peacekeeping Work? Virginia Page Fortna answers these questions through the systematic analysis of civil wars that have taken place since the end of the Cold War. She compares peacekeeping and nonpeacekeeping cases, and she investigates where peacekeepers go, showing that their missions are crucial to the most severe internal conflicts in countries and regions where peace is otherwise likely to falter. Fortna demonstrates that peacekeeping is an extremely effective policy tool, dramatically reducing the risk that war will resume. Moreover, she explains that relatively small and militarily weak consent-based peacekeeping operations are often just as effective as larger, more robust enforcement missions. Fortna examines the causal mechanisms of peacekeeping, paying particular attention to the perspective of the peacekept--the belligerents themselves--on whose decisions the stability of peace depends. Based on interviews with government and rebel leaders in Sierra Leone, Mozambique, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh, Does Peacekeeping Work? demonstrates specific ways in which peacekeepers alter incentives, alleviate fear and mistrust, prevent accidental escalation to war, and shape political procedures to stabilize peace.

Legitimating International Organizations

Dominik Zaum

The importance of legitimacy is widely recognised in the literature on international and regional organizations, not least for compliance with their decisions. How such organizations claim and sustain their legitimacy, however, has been insufficiently analysed and understood. Through a range of conceptual chapters and case studies, this volume examines the legitimation practices of international and regional organizations. It examines how internationalorganizations justify and communicate their legitimacy claims, and how these practices differ between organizations. It also considers the implications of this analysis for global and regional governance.

Mandatsmissionen des Völkerbundes. Erfolgreiches Peacekeeping vor Gründung der Vereinten Nationen?

Eine qualitativ-historische Analyse anhand ausgewählter Fallbeispiele

Marcus Helwing

Studienarbeit aus dem Jahr 2014 im Fachbereich Politik - Thema: Frieden und Konflikte, Sicherheit, Note: 2,0, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald (Institut für Politik- und Kommunikationswissenschaft), Veranstaltung: Die UN, humanitäre Interventionen und der (Miss-)erfolg von Peacekeeping Operationen: quantitative und qualitative Evidenz, Sprache: Deutsch, Abstract: Gab es Peacekeeping bereits vor den Vereinten Nationen und falls ja, war es erfolgreich? Das waren die Kernfragen der vorliegenden Studie, zu deren Klärung eine historisch-qualitative Analyse anhand ausgewählter Fallbeispiele dienen soll. Die kurze Zusammenfassung der einschlägigen Literatur des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses eröffnet einen ersten Überblick bezüglich des Standes der Peacekeeping-Forschung. Im Folgenden werden die Peacekeeping-Theorien verschiedener Wissenschaftler, welche in dieser Studie als forschungsleitend betrachtet werden, dargestellt. Zu ihnen gehören Virginia P. Fortna, Michael W. Doyle, Nicholas Sambanis, Alex J. Bellamy und Norrie MacQueen, die als Koryphäen auf diesem Gebiet gelten. Das folgende Kapitel beinhaltet ein Kompendium der Friedensoperationen und Verhandlungslösungen des 18., 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts. Nach einem Rückblick auf die Geschichte liegen die Schwerpunkte vor allem auf dem Konzert der europäischen Großmächte, den Pariser Vorortverträgen und dem Völkerbund. Gemäß der Vorbereitung mittels der Peacekeeping-Theorien und des historischen Kontextes wird an mehreren Fallbeispielen der Erfolg von Peacekeeping-Operationen des Völkerbundes überprüft. Betrachtet werden die Missionen in der Freien Stadt Danzig, der Freien Stadt Fiume, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Palästina und im Saargebiet. Es werden jeweils zwei sich stark ähnelnde Fälle miteinander verglichen und darüber hinaus noch zwei Einzelbeispiele angeführt. Eine Einschätzung bezüglich des Erfolges der verschiedenen Missionen erfolgt durch die Kombination verschiedener Faktoren, welche für jeden Fall unterschiedlich ausfallen können. Des Weiteren beinhaltet die Schlussbetrachtung die Resultate dieser Studie in Form einer Zusammenfassung. Abschließend finden sich im Anhang zwei Tabellen zur Veranschaulichung der herausgearbeiteten Ergebnisse der Fallbeispiele.

The EU, the UN and Collective Security

Making Multilateralism Effective

Joachim Krause, Natalino Ronzitti

This book examines the effectiveness of multilateralism in ensuring collective security and, in particular, the EU's role in this process. In 1992, shortly after the end of the Cold War, a Security Council Summit in New York reaffirmed the salience of the system of collective security and stated the determination of the Heads of State to maintain it as the prime international instrument for preserving peace. Twenty years later, however, the record of collective security as well as of multilateralism has not been very encouraging. The system of collective security, as enshrined in the United Nations (UN) Charter, failed repeatedly to accomplish its mandate in the 1990s and has led to controversial debates in the United States and Europe that reached a climax during the Iraq crisis in 2002/03. The volume draws upon both theoretical and empirical research to answer the following core questions: What are the reasons that have made multilateralism either effective or ineffective in the field of peacekeeping, peace preservation and peacebuilding? How can multilateralism be made more effective? How can attempts made by Europe to render UN multilateralism in the security area more efficient be assessed? This book will be of much interest to students of peacebuilding/peacekeeping, EU policy, the UN, security studies and IR in general.

Political Science Quarterly

Unknown author

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